Fighting against POLLUTION to Save Environment

Gridded Emissions Inventory (December ’05)

  1. 2km x 2km grids – effective data collection / use in models

  2. In all 189 imaginary grids spread over 240 sq.kms

  3. Industries, hotels and restaurants and bakeries – by their actual addresses

  4. Non industrial generators distributed according to commercial area

  5. Street vendors mostly in the central portion of the city

  6. Slums marked exactly as per maps of Pune

  7. Agricultural land in the fringe areas,

  8. Street sweeping is based on the road length on each grid

Mobile Sources

  1. Comprehensive Traffic and Transport Study’ in 2003-04

  2. 37 junctions and other corridors, junctions equals no of vehicles in that grid

  3. Adjacent grids in all direction has same nos. of vehicles, others have approximately related nos.

  4. VKT is no. of vehicle multiplied by road length in each grid

  5. 20% of the vehicles ride on the minor roads, 80% of Passenger cars are gasoline

  6. Resuspended dust – VKT, Average weight as weighted mean, Rainy days accounted for.

  7. Other than actual unpaved roads, 10% of the paved road I.e. SHOULDERS are considered unpaved

Point sources

  1. Industrial data taken from MPCB industrial Emissions Inventory

  2. Major hotels and restaurants have been surveyed for fuel consumption

  3. For Bakeries actual survey was carried out in 2004 which has been used here

Area sources

  1. Slums – per capita fuel consumption from National Sample Survey, fuel usage is approx.(references from PMC)

  2. Power rating for Agri. Pumps, Generators from Inspector of Generators.

  3. 80% of pumps are in 3 – 5 HP, 4 hours of operation and

  4. Trash burning – 5% of uncollected waste in grids whereas 5% of collected trash at dumping yard

Emission Load Estimation

Source Emission Factor Remarks
Slums
For Fire Wood – 1.7 gm/Kg,
For Kerosene – 0.06 gm/Kg
For LPG – 0.06 gm/Kg
Emission factors has been adopted from
URBAIR, 1992
Commercial
Cooking
(Hotels and
Bakeries)
For fire wood1: 15.56Kg/t
For Diesel2: 0.25Kg/t
For LPG3: 0.06Kg/t
 1.
Compilation of air pollutant emission factors AP-42, fifth edition, volume 1, Stationary and area sources
2.
Urban Air Quality Management strategy in Asia-Greater Mumbai Report, Edited by Jitu Shah and Tanvi Nagpal, World Technical paper no 381,1997
3.
Revised emission factors-USEPA, AP42, 1996
Agricultural
Land
Preparation
For Animal cultivated land:
0.4535 kg/acre-pass
For Tractor cultivated land:
1.8144 kg/acre-pass
California Default EF
California Air Resources Board
Agricultural
Pumps
EFadj PM = EF ss*TAF*DF-S PM adj =0.0009 kg/hr EFadj PM = Adjusted particulate emission factor (g/hp-hr)
EF ss = Steady State zero hour emission factor (g/hp-hr)
TAF= Transient Adjustment Factor
DF= Deterioration factor (unit less)
DF=1+A* (Age Factor)^b
A= Fraction of median life expended=0.473;
Age Factor= (Cumulative hours *load factor) / median life at full load A, b constant for given technology type; for CI engines b=1
Load Factor is assumed as 0.6; Median
Life at full load is assumed as 5000 hrs.
S PM adj= Sulphur Adjustment factor;
has been neglected for this purpose
U.S. EPA 420-P-02-016 Sensitivity of EF to fuel Sulphur levels. Default Sulphur assumed as 0.2%, whereas in India, 0.05 % became available on 1st April 2003 Engine technology may be different for Indian generators. Emission factor is assumed to be taken as the average for different power categories. Compilation of air pollutant emission factors AP-42, fifth edition, volume 1, Stationary and area sources
Agricultural
Wind
Blown Dust
EF = 0.0001315
Baseline Emission Factor (SPM)1 =
0.001052 tons per acre per year
For PM10 EF, the earlier EF is 0.5 times.
Since the vegetative cover is there on
the land for quite more time than in US
hence EF is further multiplied by 1/4
Modified Emission Factor using local variables as explained EF is San Joquain Valley, California, suspended particulate matter emission factors (in English tons per acre 
per year) averaged for all the counties ARB Resources- Section 7.12, Wind blown Dust –
Agricultural Areas Emission Inventory Source
Category (Miscellaneous Processes / Fugitive
Windblown Dust)
Mobile
2 wheelers – 0.05 g/vkt
3 wheelers – 0.08 g/vkt
Passenger vehicles – 0.03g/vkt
LCV – 0.2 g/vkt, Bus – 0.56 g/vkt
Trucks – 0.28 g/vkt
Transport Fuel Quality for year 2005, CPCB
(Mukhopadhyay Report)
Deterioration factor:
2 wheelers – 1.2, 3 wheelers – 1.7
Passenger vehicles – 1.097, LCV – 1.255
Bus – 1.355, Trucks – 1.8
Paved Road
Dust
E = k (sL/2)0.65 (W/3 )1.5 (1-P/4N) =
0.9165 g/vkt
E = particulate emission factor (having
units matching the units of k)
k = particle size multiplier for particle
size range and units of interest
sL = road surface silt loading (grams per square meter) (g/m2)
W = average weight (tons) of the
vehicles traveling on the road
P = number of “wet” days with at least
0.254 mm (0.01 in) of precipitation
during the averaging period
N = number of days in the averaging
period (e.g., 365 for annual, 91 for
seasonal, 30 for monthly)
U.S. EPA AP-42, Section 13.2.1
March 1993 For weight (W) - Engineering estimate for Pune vehicle fleet For rainy days - Pune average 10 year
meteorological data from airport
Silt Loading have been actually calculated for
Mumbai roads and applied in this case
Unpaved
Road Dust
E = [(K (S/12)^0.8(w/3)^0.4)/(M/0.2)^0.3]*
(365-p)/365 = 1.57 g/vkt
E = particulate emission factor (having units
matching the units of k)
k = particle size multiplier for particle size range and units of interest
sL = road surface silt loading (grams per square meter) (g/m2)
W =averageweight (tons) of the vehicle straveling on the road
P = number of “wet” days with at least 0.254 mm (0.01 in) of precipitation during the averaging Period
N = number of days in the averaging period (e.g., 365 for annual, 91 for seasonal, 30 for monthly)
U.S. EPA AP-42, Section 13.2.1,
March 1993
For weight (W) - Engineering estimate for
Pune vehicle fleet
For rainy days - Pune average 10 year
meteorological data from airport
Silt Loading has been achieved by
averaging the silt loadings defined for the
normal and worst case scenarios in AP –42.
Point
Diesel1 - 1.49 kg/m3
LDO2 - 2.59 kg/m3
LPG3 - 0.6 kg/m3
Coal4 - (0.4 * 0.8) kg/kg
1. AP-42. Table 1.3.1 & 1% S
2. AP-42. Table 1.3.1 & 2% S
3. AP-42. Table 1.5.1
4. Indian Thermal Power Plant data: 40% ash
content, of which 80% emitted as fly ash